• Besides degrading cholesterol the cholesterol degradation pa

  2021-01-13

  

  Besides degrading cholesterol, the cholesterol degradation pathway also offers a route to obtain useful starting materials for the production of steroid drugs and hormones. Indeed, steroids are among the most marketed pharmaceuticals with about 300 approved steroid drugs [15] and a worldwide market

• It is well established that Shp can function as

  2021-01-13

  

  It is well established that Shp-2 can function as a substrate for several RTK, such as PDGF or EGFR [23], [36]. To test whether DDR1 recognizes Shp-2 as its substrate, we overexpressed a catalytically inactive Shp-2 mutant together with DDR1b in 293 cells [31]. Immunoprecipitation of Shp-2 followed

• Multiple lines of evidence now indicate that mitochondrial d

  2021-01-13

  

  Multiple lines of evidence now indicate that mitochondrial decay is a fundamental factor that leads to alterations in energy metabolism in the aged heart (Hagen et al., 2002, Judge and Leeuwenburgh, 2007, Lesnefsky et al., 2001c). Nevertheless, the exact biochemical events that cause such an alterat

• br Materials and methods br Results and discussion Iron

  2021-01-13

  

  Materials and methods Results and discussion Iron (II)/2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent oxygenases [28], [29] catalyze oxidative reactions of a range of metabolic processes including the hydroxylation of l-proline and l-lysine residues during the post-translational modification of collagen. Mor

• br Using the same sort

  2021-01-13

  

  Using the same sort of methods, we can also address the proof of Theorem 1.2. The first part of the proof is made much easier if we use the “sieving” construction. Concretely, given a CMV operator , let denote the CMV operator with This induces a simple change in the spectrum; namely, if denotes t

• br Discussion The use of carp primary cell

  2021-01-13

  

  Discussion The use of carp primary cell cultures proved to be a valuable approach to evaluate the piscine immune response. A. hydrophila was a more potent stimulator of NO formation by carp leukocytes compared to commercial LPS often used for leukocyte stimulation (Mustafa and Olson, 1998, Chao e

• In conclusion our results provide a new mechanistic insight

  2021-01-12

  

  In conclusion, our results provide a new mechanistic insight into the signaling pathways mediating TDCIPP-induced apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells. We showed that TDCIPP-induced neuronal cell cytotoxicity and death are mediated via the ER stress-regulated apoptotic pathway, wherein the induction

• br EBV Infection Epstein Barr

  2021-01-12

  

  EBV Infection Epstein–Barr virus (EBV, human herpesvirus 4) was discovered 50 years ago, when Epstein, Achong, and Barr used electron microscopy to identify viral particles in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. It belongs to the lymphocryptovirus (LCV) genus of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily (Fig. 1A). Th

• The first hint that GLP might not be completely

  2021-01-12

  

  The first hint that GLP-1 might not be completely stable came from a meeting abstract in 1992, reporting that GLP-1 could be degraded in plasma incubations [16], although the enzyme(s) involved was not identified. A year later, Mentlein and colleagues [17], in a search for peptide substrates of the

• br Abbreviations br Acknowledgements br Introduction Dopamin

  2021-01-12

  

  Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DbH) is the enzyme catalysing the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, two important neurotransmitters involved in the central nervous system [1]. This enzyme has been isolated from bovine chromaffin granules as a tetr

• The present study is a

  2021-01-12

  

  The present study is a genetic association study using the classic candidate gene approach. This method has been repeatedly criticized in the past to produce highly unreliably findings (e.g. Flint & Munafò, 2013). The alternative would be the conduction of a 3-isomangostin receptor wide association

• br Introduction DNA ligation is

  2021-01-12

  

  Introduction DNA ligation is required during DNA replication and to complete almost all DNA repair events. In human cells, the DNA ligases encoded by three LIG genes are responsible for joining interruptions in the phosphodiester backbone [1]. These enzymes have distinct but overlapping functions

• Atovaquone br Chagas disease and HAT

  2021-01-12

  

  Chagas disease and HAT drug R&D Drug R&D for Chagas disease and HAT has historically relied on serendipitous findings achieved using low-technology approaches. The absence of biotechnology tools associated and the very limited understanding of the biomolecular processes of the parasites are among

• rc opiates synthesis CYP s are heme containing monooxygenase

  2021-01-12

  

  CYP450s are heme-containing monooxygenases constituting a conserved gene superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins, and are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Martignoni et al., 2006). They play a key role in detoxification of endogenous (e.g., steroids) and exogenous compounds (e.g., drug, insecticid

• br Acknowledgements br Introduction Anxiety and depression

  2021-01-12

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction Anxiety and depression are major components of maintaining the cycle of addiction, and are responsible for the negative reinforcement of drug seeking behaviors (Sarnyai et al., 1995, Koob and Le Moal, 2008). Both rats and humans exhibit increased anxiety states du

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